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Bulgaria --- Ethnic relations.

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An established literature finds that those exposed to conflict are more pro-social later in life. This paper builds on this work in two directions using a sample of 4,200 women born during the Sierra Leonean civil war and surveyed 14 years later. First, the paper introduces the notion of conditional trust, whereby individuals neither outright distrust nor outright trust others, but can use their perceived self-efficacy to raise the cooperativeness of others. This takes ideas from the psychology literature documenting survivors of trauma can go through a process of posttraumatic growth generating perceived self-efficacy. The paper develops a framework to make precise how conditional trust depends on beliefs over others, gains from cooperation, risk aversion, and the key mediating role of self-efficacy in linking conflict and trust. Second, the paper constructs a granular typology of experiences of conflict combining information on a geo-coded measure of exposure to conflict, self-reported memories/recall of victimization, and ages of exposure to conflict. This distinguishes individuals who are traumatized, those with direct first-hand accounts of conflict, and those with second-hand narratives. Empirically, the analysis shows that exposure to conflict?either by being in the vicinity of conflict or through specific experiences of conflict?leads respondents to be significantly more likely to conditionally trust others. The findings show that perceived self-efficacy is higher among those exposed to conflict and this mediates the impact of conflict on trust preferences. By considering the role of memories, narratives/socialization in shaping experiences of conflict, generating self-efficacy and thus driving trust preferences, the paper provides new avenues for research on how psychological legacies of trauma early in life shape the long run formation of economic preferences.

Emigration and immigration --- Ethnic relations. --- Social aspects.

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This book discusses issues facing Roma or (gypsies) in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, particularly in Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, the Czech and Slovak Republics.

Romanies --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions. --- Europe, Eastern --- Ethnic relations.

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Manufacturing businesses owned by an indigenous ethnic group, the Gurage typically perform better than those of members of any other (major or minority) groups in Ethiopia. Gurage-owned businesses are normally larger and grow faster. Yet Gurage business owners typically are less educated than their counterparts in other groups and have less formal vocational training.

Manufacturing industries --- Minority business enterprises --- Ethiopia --- Ethnic relations.

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Using cutting-edge theory regarding trade networks and diaspora, this study challenges the historiographical argument that the Sephardim, and indeed, a variety of religio-ethnic groups, achieved their commercial success by relying on geographically dispersed family members and fellow ethnics. The book’s findings challenge the reigning understanding that commercial success stemmed from endogamous business relationships and socio-cultural insularity. The book demonstrates that the most successful Sephardic merchants of early seventeenth century Amsterdam built their fortunes not thanks to familial or diasporic connections, but through “loose ties,” economic networks comprised of non-Sephardim. Focusing on three of the most prominent Sephardic merchants in Amsterdam, and a random sampling of other Sephardi merchants, the book reveals a multi-ethnic and multi-religious trade network of non-Jewish merchants.

Jews --- Sephardim --- History --- Economic conditions --- Europe --- Amsterdam (Netherlands) --- Commerce --- Ethnic relations.